Multidrop data transfer

ABSTRACT

Multi-drop communications channels can have significantly deep notches in their frequency response causing a corresponding limitation of the effective data transmission rate. A special time-ordered coding method is described which results in the emitted spectrum of the data stream transmitted into the channel having a notch at the same frequency as the notch in the channel frequency response, permitting channel receivers to successfully decode the transmitted data stream. The described coding method may be applied at various multiples of the channel notch frequency to support different throughput rates, and may be combined with other coding techniques such as group or vector signaling codes.

This Application is a continuation of Ser. No. 14/803,996, naming AliHormati and Amin Shokrollahi, entitled “Multidrop Data Transfer,” whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/026,860,filed Jul. 21, 2014, naming Ali Hormati and Amin Shokrollahi, entitled“Multidrop Data Transfer”, all of which are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety.

REFERENCES

The following references are herein incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes:

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0268225 of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/784,414, filed May 20, 2010, naming Harm Cronie and AminShokrollahi, entitled “Orthogonal Differential Vector Signaling”(hereinafter “Cronie I”);

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0302478 of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/154,009, filed Jun. 6, 2011, naming Harm Cronie and AminShokrollahi, entitled “Error Control Coding for Orthogonal DifferentialVector Signaling” (hereinafter “Cronie II”);

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/030,027, filed Feb. 17, 2011, namingHarm Cronie, Amin Shokrollahi and Armin Tajalli, entitled “Methods andSystems for Noise Resilient, Pin-Efficient and Low Power Communicationswith Sparse Signaling Codes” (hereinafter “Cronie III”);

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0299555 of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/154,009, filed Jun. 6, 2011, naming Harm Cronie and AminShokrollahi, entitled “Error Control Coding for Orthogonal DifferentialVector Signaling” (hereinafter “Cronie IV”);

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/763,403, filed Feb. 11, 2013,naming John Fox, Brian Holden, Ali Hormati, Peter Hunt, John D Keay,Amin Shokrollahi, Anant Singh, Andrew Kevin John Stewart, GiuseppeSurace, and Roger Ulrich, entitled “Methods and Systems for HighBandwidth Chip-to-Chip Communications Interface” (hereinafter called“Fox I”);

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/773,709, filed Mar. 6, 2013,naming John Fox, Brian Holden, Peter Hunt, John D Keay, AminShokrollahi, Andrew Kevin John Stewart, Giuseppe Surace, and RogerUlrich, entitled “Methods and Systems for High Bandwidth Chip-to-ChipCommunications Interface” (hereinafter called “Fox II”);

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/812,667, filed Apr. 16, 2013,naming John Fox, Brian Holden, Ali Hormati, Peter Hunt, John D Keay,Amin Shokrollahi, Anant Singh, Andrew Kevin John Stewart, and GiuseppeSurace, entitled “Methods and Systems for High Bandwidth CommunicationsInterface” (hereinafter called “Fox III”);

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/842,740, filed Mar. 15, 2013, namingBrian Holden, Amin Shokrollahi, and Anant Singh, entitled “Methods andSystems for Skew Tolerance and Advanced Detectors for Vector SignalingCodes for Chip-to-Chip Communication” (hereinafter called “Holden I”);

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/895,206, filed May 15, 2013, namingRoger Ulrich and Peter Hunt, entitled “Circuits for Efficient Detectionof Vector Signaling Codes for Chip-to-Chip Communications using Sums ofDifferences” (hereinafter called “Ulrich I”).

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/315,306, filed Jun. 25, 2014, namingRoger Ulrich, entitled “Multilevel Driver for High Speed Chip-to-ChipCommunications” (hereinafter called “Ulrich II”).

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/934,804, filed Feb. 2, 2014,naming Ali Hormati and Amin Shokrollahi, entitled “Method for CodeEvaluation using ISI Ratio” (hereinafter called “Hormati I”).

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/992,711, filed May 13, 2014,naming Amin Shokrollahi, entitled “Vector Signaling Code with ImprovedNoise Margin” (hereinafter called “Shokrollahi I”).

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/023,163, filed Jul. 10, 2014,naming Amin Shokrollahi and Roger Ulrich, entitled “Vector SignalingCode with Improved Noise Margin” (hereinafter called “Shokrollahi II”).

BACKGROUND

In communication systems, a goal is to transport information from onephysical location to another. It is typically desirable that thetransport of this information is reliable, is fast and consumes aminimal amount of resources. One common information transfer medium isthe serial communications link, which may be based on a single wirecircuit relative to ground or other common reference, or multiple suchcircuits relative to ground or other common reference. A common exampleuses singled-ended signaling (“SES”). SES operates by sending a signalon one wire, and measuring the signal relative to a fixed reference atthe receiver. A serial communication link may also be based on multiplecircuits used in relation to each other. A common example of the latteruses differential signaling (“DS”). Differential signaling operates bysending a signal on one wire and the opposite of that signal on amatching wire. The signal information is represented by the differencebetween the wires, rather than their absolute values relative to groundor other fixed reference.

There are a number of signaling methods that maintain the desirableproperties of DS while increasing pin efficiency over DS. Vectorsignaling is a method of signaling. With vector signaling, a pluralityof signals on a plurality of wires is considered collectively althougheach of the plurality of signals might be independent. Each of thecollective signals is referred to as a component and the number ofplurality of wires is referred to as the “dimension” of the vector. Insome embodiments, the signal on one wire is entirely dependent on thesignal on another wire, as is the case with DS pairs, so in some casesthe dimension of the vector might refer to the number of degrees offreedom of signals on the plurality of wires instead of exactly thenumber of wires in the plurality of wires.

With binary vector signaling, each component or “symbol” of the vectortakes on one of two possible values. With non-binary vector signaling,each symbol has a value that is a selection from a set of more than twopossible values. The set of values that a symbol of the vector may takeon is called the “alphabet” of the vector signaling code. A vectorsignaling code, as described herein, is a collection C of vectors of thesame length N, called codewords. Any suitable subset of a vectorsignaling code denotes a “subcode” of that code. Such a subcode mayitself be a vector signaling code. Orthogonal Differential VectorSignaling codes (ODVS) as described in [Cronie I] are one specificexample of a vector signaling code as used in descriptions herein.

In operation, the coordinates of the codewords are bounded, and wechoose to represent them by real numbers between −1 and 1. The ratiobetween the binary logarithm of the size of C and the length N is calledthe pin-efficiency of the vector signaling code.

A vector signaling code is called “balanced” if for all its codewordsthe sum of the coordinates is always zero. Balanced vector signalingcodes have several important properties. For example, as is well-knownto those of skill in the art, balanced codewords lead to lowerelectromagnetic interference (EMI) noise than non-balanced ones. Also,if common mode resistant communication is required, it is advisable touse balanced codewords, since otherwise power is spent on generating acommon mode component that is cancelled at the receiver.

Additional examples of vector signaling methods are described in CronieI, Cronie II, Cronie III, Cronie IV, Fox I, Fox II, Fox III, Holden I,Shokrollahi I, and Hormati I.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

The unavoidable impedance anomalies seen in multi-drop communicationschannels introduce corresponding deep notches in the channel frequencyresponse and a corresponding limitation of the effective data rate inconventional systems. This is true even if the channel spectrum afterthe notch does not show high attenuation and is still usable. A specialtime-ordered coding method is described which results in the emittedspectrum of the data stream transmitted into the channel having a notchat the same or at a similar frequency as the notch in the channelfrequency response, permitting channel receivers to successfully decodethe transmitted data stream.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical multidrop communications system comprisingof transmitter 110 and receivers 130 and 150, interconnected by amulti-wire communications channel 120.

FIG. 2 illustrates data frame sequences in accordance with at least oneembodiment using different rate multiplier values M.

FIG. 3A shows the frequency response characteristics of an examplechannel, with FIG. 3B showing the same channel's impulse response.

FIG. 4A is a receive eye diagram for one embodiment using the channel ofFIG. 3A with M=2. FIG. 4B is a receive eye diagram of the same channeland raw signaling rate, without benefit of described embodiments.

FIG. 5 shows the frequency response characteristics of another examplechannel, and receive eye diagrams for an embodiment utilizing differentvalues of rate multiplier M.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process in accordance with at least oneembodiment.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of another process in accordance with at least oneembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is well understood that at high data rates, communications channelsmust be treated as high-frequency transmission lines. As such, eachconnection anomaly in the communications signal path may introduce animpedance variation which causes some portion of the propagatingtransmit waveform to be reflected, both weakening the portion of thewaveform continuing on, and producing a backwards-propagating waveformwhich may potentially be reflected from other impedance anomalies toproduce delayed versions of the signal waveform which can distort orinterfere with the primary waveform.

Multidrop communications channels such as illustrated in FIG. 1 may beprofoundly impacted by such propagation issues. In the example shown,transmitting device 110 drives signals onto the wires 125 whichcollectively comprise communications channel 120. Receiving devices 130and 150 are both potential recipients of such signals. However, thewires 128 through which receiving device 150 connects to communicationschannel 120 represents a “stub” transmission line element whichrepresents a significant impedance anomaly in communications channel120, as signals propagating on wires 125 must split and follow two pathsto receiving devices 130 and 150.

One familiar with the art will note that such a multidrop configurationwill typically be associated with a notch in the frequency responsecharacteristics measured for the channel, as shown by the graph of FIG.3A, with the notch frequency inversely proportional to the propagationdelay of the signal traversing the distance from the transmitter to theimpedance anomaly, at the propagation velocity of the communicationsmedium. In the time domain, this same effect will appear as asignificant reflected signal with a time delay proportional to thedistance from the transmitter to the impedance bump at the propagationvelocity of the communications channel, as shown in the graph of FIG.3B. As will be readily understood by those familiar with the art,additional multi-drop connections will exacerbate this situation, with aworst case being the uniform periodic spacing intervals seen on bussesin a multi-card backplane or in a stacked chip configuration.

Basic Concept

If one attempted to transmit digital signals over such a communicationsmedium at varying data rates, one would observe that the “goodput” (i.e.the rate at which good or non-disrupted data is received) over themedium varies significantly, with particularly poor transmissioncharacteristics occurring at rates at or above the notch frequencies ofthe frequency response. In the time domain, this may be interpreted asthe transmitted signal appearing at a receiver simultaneous with adelayed version of a previously transmitted signal, resulting in amarginal or corrupted detection result.

Conversely, it is observed that if the transmission rate is set to aninteger multiple of the notch frequency so as to create a “frame” of Ndata units D₁, . . . , D_(N), the data unit transmission interferingwith, as an example, data unit D_(N) must be one of theearlier-transmitted data units D₁, . . . , D_(N-1). Knowing the data tobe transmitted in D_(N) allows a value to be chosen for transmission inthe earlier (e.g. interfering) time interval which will constructivelyinteract with D_(N) to facilitate its reception, one example beingtransmission of the same channel signal value during both the earlierand later time intervals. Alternatively, a value may be transmitted inthe earlier time interval which will not impact reception of D_(N), anexample being transmission of a quiescent or “zero” value on a channelwhere the data signals are +1 and −1, another example being the inverseof the data, if the delayed interfering signal is also inverted.

Sequentially Transmitted Data Frame

A first embodiment utilizes a data frame whose period T is equal to1/f_(notch), where f_(notch) is the frequency of the first notch in thechannel's frequency response. The frame is divided into 2*M partitionsof equal duration, where M is an integer typically greater than one, thesequence of partitions representing the consecutively transmitted signalunit intervals for the data stream. The first half of the frame may beherein referred to as the first transmit frame of M symbols. The secondhalf of the frame may be herein referred to as the subsequent transmitframe of M symbols The general form of this frame is:

Time T = 0 T = 1/F_(notch) Data D₁ D₂ D₃ . . . D_(M) D₁ D₂ D₃ . . .D_(M)where D_(i) represents the levels of the signaling scheme used for thetransmission, e.g, ±1 for binary data transmission, and each of the Mdata units D₁, . . . , D_(M) are transmitted twice, with the samesequence of M transmissions emitted in the first transmit frame beingrepeated in the same order in the subsequent transmit frame, resultingin an overall throughput equal to M*f_(notch). As one familiar with theart will observe, the frequency spectrum of such a periodicallyrepeating message format has notches at frequencies (2K+1)*f_(notch) andtherefore, we can recover the data sequence D₁, D₂, D₃, . . . , D_(M)successfully at the receiver by sampling at (2*M)*f_(notch) rate,discarding the first set of M samples (i.e. those in the first transmitframe,) and keeping the subsequent set of M samples as representing D₁,. . . , D_(M).

This data frame sequence is also illustrated in FIG. 2, where binarydata transmissions are shown with M=2, M=3, and M=4. The sequential datavalues being transmitted in the subsequent transmit frame are shown asD₁, . . . , D_(M) and the compensatory values being transmitted in thefirst transmit frame are shown as D₁′, . . . , D_(M)′. Thus for the M=2example, the raw transmission rate is 4*f_(notch), with each of dataunits D₁ and D₂ being transmitted twice within the data frame spanningtime t₀ to time t₃, with the overall duration of the frame being1/f_(notch) as shown.

In the time domain, a multidrop channel with a notch at f_(notch) adds adelayed and attenuated version of the input signal to itself where thedelay is equal to t=1/(2*f_(notch)). Looking at our data frame, it isobvious that while the data elements transmitted during the firsttransmit frame will interfere with data elements of the subsequenttransmit, forming a channel-induced superposition. This channel-inducedsuperposition may be made additive with the described timing andrepetitive data transmission, thus providing an increased receiver eyeopening.

Alternative Embodiments

An alternative embodiment transmits one half frame of zeroes or acomparable quiescent channel signal in the first transmit frame, anddata in the subsequent transmit frame, thus damping out the interferingdelayed signals. Thus, referring to FIG. 2, in this embodiment thecompensatory values D₁′, . . . , D_(M)′ would be zeroes. However, suchan embodiment will present a smaller receive eye vertical opening thanthe previously-described method of sending each data value twice, asthere is no constructive interference to boost the received signal. Itmay be noted that with this method the receiver will also see signals inthe first half of the subsequent frame including an immediate zero valueand a delayed data value from the second half of the previous frame,providing an opportunity for an embodiment making two independentobservations of the same set of M bits.

A further alternative embodiment transmits one half frame of inverteddata values in the first transmit frame, followed by one half frame ofnon-inverted data values in the subsequent transmit frame, providing achannel-induced superposition representing constructive interference insituations where the interfering delayed signal is inverted byreflection. Referring again to FIG. 2, in this embodiment thecompensatory values D₁′, . . . , D_(M)′ would be the logical inverse ofthe values transmitted as D₁, . . . , D_(M).

As will be apparent to one familiar with the art, equivalent patternsfor the data frame include data followed by inverted data, data followedby zeroes, etc.

Additional Variations

It should be noted that the described embodiments are applied per-wire,thus may be combined with known multi-wire coding schemes in an obviousway, i.e. transmitting sequences of codewords of a vector signaling codeon multiple wires rather than single bits on one wire, and repeating thesequence of codewords during the second half of the frame. Similarly,although the examples provided illustrate binary channel signaling fordescriptive convenience, no limitation is implied as present embodimentare directly applicable to ternary, quaternary, and higher-ordersignaling as well.

Because the transmission rate for the data frame is determined based onthe channel notch frequency, the notch frequency will ideally be knownat least approximately before-hand. For common configurations such asbackplanes, stacked chips, etc. the physical dimensions and compositionof the channel is fixed, and its expected characteristics are thus wellknown. Alternatively, other embodiments may measure the channel and setthe communications data rate as part of a setup or initializationprocedure for the circuit, the channel measurement either beingperformed directly as a signal strength vs. frequency plot, orindirectly by measuring pulse reflection times (i.e. as a time-domainreflectometer or TDR measurement.)

Some embodiments may maintain individual channel compensation parametersper receiver or set of receivers, so as to optimize reception for theanticipated, calculated, or measured reflection combinations at thoseparticular receiver locations. Other embodiments may use a consensus oraverage compensation parameters for all receivers. These compensationparameters may include the notch frequency, multiplication factor M, andformat of the data frame, including polarity and type of correctivesignals incorporated in it. The compensation parameters may differ fordifferent transmitters; as one particular example, the characteristicsof the channel and thus the preferred compensation parameters may not besymmetric in both directions.

In practical embodiments, the transmission rate may merely approximatethe optimal 2*M*f_(notch) rate with only modest reduction in receivedsignal quality, determined in part by the depth and width of the channelnotch.

Illustrated Results

An embodiment having a channel with a frequency response notch atapproximately 900 MHz as shown in the graph of FIG. 3A was used with adata frame where M=2, resulting in a raw transmit data rate of 1.8 Gbps.A transmit FIR filter was used equal to [0.7, −0.3]. The receive eyediagram in this configuration is shown as FIG. 4A. For comparison, thereceive eye diagram when sending arbitrary data (i.e. without thedescribed data frame and its duplicated transmissions) at 1.8 Gbps overthis channel is shown as FIG. 4B, showing significantly poorer signalreception relative to the described signaling method.

FIG. 5 illustrates the performance characteristics of anotherembodiment. The deeply notched frequency response characteristics of thechannel used by this embodiment is shown in the first graph labeled“Channel”, with subsequent graphs labeled “M=2” through “M=6” showingthe receiver eyes for transmission across that channel with increasingvalues of M.

Further Embodiments

The following descriptions use the term “delta” as a relative metric ofthe depth of the frequency response notch for the channel, with delta=1for a very deep notch and delta=0 for no notch at all.

In a further embodiment using single-ended NRZ coding, apreviously-described example data frame of [d1 d2 d1 d2] is replaced bya data frame of [d1 d2 d1 d2 d3 d4]. Bits d1 and d2 (at positions 3 and4) can be decided directly and bits d3 and d4 can be decided with knownDecision Feedback Equalization (DFE) techniques at the receiver.Detection of d3 needs to know d1 (the earlier signal interfering withit) and, similarly, detecting d4 needs to know d2. DFE allows theseearlier received signals to be subtracted from the present sample,leaving a disambiguated sample to be detected. In this embodiment, theframe length (the duration in time of [d1 d2 d1 d2 d3 d4]) is set to1.5/f_(notch), allowing data transmission at the rate of4/1.5*f_(notch)=2.66*f_(notch). The DFE level depends on delta and canbe set adaptively. The same technique works with a data frame structuredas [0 0 d1 d2 d3 d4].

A second further embodiment uses a 5-level driver, and sends thesequence [a b a b c-a d-b] in 1.5/f_(notch) time. As one familiar withthe art will note, the expected receive sequence will thus be [junk,junk, a*(1+delta), b*(1+delta), c−a*(1−delta), d−b*(1−delta)]. I f deltais close to 1 (e.g. −20 dB or so), then the vertical opening ofc−a*(1−delta), d−b*(1−delta) is slightly smaller than the normalvertical opening (same for the horizontal opening), and the symbols areprincipally binary (thus, according to the teachings of [Hormati I], ISIratio=1.) This embodiment allows 4 bits to be sent in 1.5/f_(notch)time, so in total 2.666*f_(notch) bits/second/wire.

A third further embodiment is applicable if the reflection is not sopowerful, i.e. delta is, for example, on the order of 0.3. In thisembodiment, a Tx FIR of [1 0−delta] is used to filter the transmitteddata. On the receiver side, one obtains data in the form d2−delta²d0˜=d2 and since delta is small, it will not close the eyesconsiderably. Prior knowledge or measurement of delta is needed by thisembodiment.

If delta is close to 1 (i.e. a deep notch), a fourth further embodimentuses frames like [d0 d1 d0 d1 (d0*d2) (d1*d3) (d0*d2*d4) (d1*d3*d5)]over 2/f_(notch), sending data at the rate of 6/2*f_(notch)=3*f_(notch).On the receiver side, the first two UIs in this frame get corrupted bythe previous frame. Bits d0 and d1 at positions 3 and 4 can be extractedby PAM2 detection. For the next bit we obtaind0*d2+delta*d0=d0*(delta+d2)˜=d0*(1+d2). One can extract d2 byperforming a PAM3 detection to see if d0*(1+d2) is zero or not. If zero,d2=−1 otherwise, d2=1. In the same way, one can obtain bits d3, d4 andd5. As a further advantage, this technique limits the error propagation.

Embodiments

As shown in FIG. 6, a method 600 in accordance with at least oneembodiment comprises receiving, at step 602, a frame of M receivesymbols on a wire of a multi-wire bus, the multi-wire bus having a notchfrequency f_(notch), wherein each receive symbol of the received frameof M symbols comprises a channel-induced superposition of a transmitsymbol of a first transmit frame of M symbols and a correspondingtransmit symbol of a subsequent transmit frame of M symbols, wherein thefirst and subsequent transmit frames have a 2*M*f_(notch) symbol rate,and, forming, at step 604, a set of output symbols by decoding the Mreceive symbols using at least one prior decoded transmit symbol.

In at least one embodiment, first transmit frame of M symbols is equalto the subsequent transmit frame of M symbols.

In at least one embodiment, the first transmit frame of M symbolscomprises all quiescent symbols.

In at least one embodiment, the first transmit frame of M symbols is aninverted version of the subsequent transmit frame of M symbols.

In at least one embodiment, the first transmit frame of M symbols andthe subsequent transmit frame of symbols are distinct. In at least oneembodiment, the first transmit frame of M symbols comprises at least oneprior decoded transmit symbol, and the decoding the M receive symbolscomprises forming at least one output symbol based on the superpositionof the at least one prior decoded transmit symbol and the correspondingtransmit symbol of the subsequent transmit frame

In at least one embodiment, the notch frequency is determined by animpedance anomaly.

In at least one embodiment, the impedance anomaly is represented asmultiple receivers connected to the multi-wire data bus.

In at least one embodiment, the corresponding transmit symbol representsa combination of at least 2 distinct symbols.

As shown in FIG. 7, a method 700 in accordance with at least oneembodiment comprises receiving, at step 702, a set of input symbols,generating, at step 704, a transmit frame comprising M symbols,generating, at step 706, a subsequent transmit frame comprising Msymbols, transmitting, at step 708, the symbols of the transmit frame ona wire of a multi-wire bus at a symbol rate of 2*M*f_(notch), whereinf_(notch) is a notch frequency associated with the multi-wire bus, and,subsequently transmitting, at step 710, the symbols of the subsequenttransmit frame on the wire of the multi-wire bus at the symbol rate of2*M*f_(notch).

In at least one embodiment, an apparatus comprises a wire of amulti-wire bus configured to receive a frame of M receive symbols, themulti-wire bus having a notch frequency f_(notch), wherein each receivesymbol of the received frame of M symbols comprises a channel-inducedsuperposition of a transmit symbol of a first transmit frame of Msymbols and a corresponding transmit symbol of a subsequent transmitframe of M symbols, wherein the first and subsequent transmit frameshave a 2*M*f_(notch) symbol rate, and, a decoder configured to form aset of output symbols by decoding the M receive symbols using at leastone prior decoded transmit symbol.

In at least one embodiment the first transmit frame of M symbols isequal to the subsequent transmit frame of M symbols.

In at least one embodiment the first transmit frame of M symbolscomprises all quiescent symbols.

In at least one embodiment the first transmit frame of M symbolsrepresents an inverted version of the subsequent transmit frame of Msymbols.

In at least one embodiment the first transmit frame of M symbols and thesubsequent transmit frame of symbols are distinct.

In at least one embodiment the first transmit frame of M symbolscomprises at least one prior decoded transmit symbol, and the decoder isfurther configured to generate at least one output symbol based on thesuperposition of the at least one prior decoded transmit symbol and thecorresponding transmit symbol of the subsequent transmit frame.

In at least one embodiment the notch frequency is determined by animpedance anomaly.

In at least one embodiment the impedance anomaly is represented as aplurality of receivers connected to the multi-wire data bus.

In at least one embodiment the apparatus further comprises a set ofinput wires, each input wire configured to receive a set of inputsymbols, an encoder configured to generate a transmit data framecomprising M symbols and a subsequent transmit data frame comprising Msymbols, and a driver configured to transmit the symbols of the transmitdata frame on the wire of the multi-wire bus at a symbol rate of2*M*f_(notch), wherein f_(notch) is a notch frequency associated withthe multi-wire bus and subsequently transmit the symbols of thesubsequent transmit data frame at the symbol rate of 2*M*f_(notch).

In at least one embodiment the corresponding transmit symbol representsa combination of at least 2 input symbols.

The examples provided herein describe interconnection of a transmittingdevice and multiple receiving devices in a multi-drop networkedconfiguration for descriptive simplicity. However, this should not beenseen in any way as limiting the scope of the described embodiments. Themethods disclosed in this application are equally applicable to otherinterconnection topologies having significant frequency response notchesand other communications protocols including full-duplex as well ashalf-duplex and simplex communications. Similarly, wired communicationsare used as illustrative examples, the embodiments also being applicableto other communication media including optical, capacitive, inductive,and wireless communications. Thus, descriptive terms such as “voltage”or “signal level” should be considered to include equivalents in othermeasurement systems, such as “optical intensity”, “RF modulation”, etc.As used herein, the term “physical signal” includes any suitablebehavior and/or attribute of a physical phenomenon configured to conveyinformation. Physical signals may be tangible and non-transitory.

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: receiving a frame of M symbols on awire of a multi-wire bus, wherein M is an integer greater than or equalto 1, the multi-wire bus having an associated notch frequency f_(notch),each receive symbol of the frame of receive symbols comprising achannel-induced superposition of a corresponding symbol in a first frameof M transmit symbols and a corresponding symbol in a subsequent frameof M transmit symbols, the first and subsequent frames of M transmitsymbols having been transmitted at a symbol transmission rate of2*M*f_(notch), the symbol transmission rate causing, for each symbol inthe received frame of M symbols, symbol-boundary alignment in thechannel-induced superposition of the corresponding symbol in the firstframe of M transmit symbols and the corresponding symbol in thesubsequent frame of M transmit symbols; and generating a set of outputdata based on the received frame of M symbols.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the symbols in the first frame of M transmit symbols are allquiescent values.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the symbols in thesubsequent frame of M transmit symbols are a repeated set of symbols ofthe first frame of M transmit symbols.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinthe symbols in the subsequent frame of M transmit symbols are aninverted version of the symbols of the first frame of M transmitsymbols.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the channel-inducedsuperposition represents the corresponding symbol of the subsequentframe of M transmit symbols being added to a delayed and attenuatedversion of the corresponding symbol of the first frame of M transmitsymbols.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the set of outputdata comprises decoding a symbol in the received frame of M symbolsbased on at least one prior decoded symbol.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the received frame of M symbols corresponds to the symbols ofthe subsequent frame of M transmit symbols, and wherein generating theoutput data comprises outputting the symbols of the subsequent frame ofM transmit symbols.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the associatednotch frequency is determined by an impedance anomaly associated withthe multi-wire bus.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each symbol in thereceived frame of M symbols corresponds to a symbol of a set of symbolsof a corresponding codeword, the set of symbols of the codewordcomprising symbols received on two or more wires of the multi-wire bus,and wherein generating the output data comprises obtaining (i) a symbolin the received frame of M symbols and (ii) a symbol in a secondreceived frame of M symbols received on a second wire of the multi-wirebus, and responsively generating the output data based on the obtainedsymbols.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the output data correspondsto M bits, each bit determined by a corresponding symbol in the receivedframe of M symbols.
 11. An apparatus comprising: a wire of a multi-wirebus configured to receive a frame of M symbols, wherein M is an integergreater than or equal to 1, the multi-wire bus having an associatednotch frequency f_(notch), each receive symbol of the received frame ofM symbols comprising a channel-induced superposition of a correspondingsymbol in a first frame of M transmit symbols and a corresponding symbolin a subsequent frame of M transmit symbols, the first and subsequentframes of M transmit symbols having been transmitted at a symboltransmission rate of 2*M*f_(notch), the symbol transmission ratecausing, for each symbol in the frame of receive symbols,symbol-boundary alignment in the channel-induced superposition of thecorresponding symbol in the first frame of M transmit symbols and thecorresponding symbol in the subsequent frame of M transmit symbols; anda decoder configured to generate a set of output data based on thereceived frame of M symbols.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein thesymbols in the first frame of M transmit symbols are all quiescentvalues.
 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the symbols in thesubsequent frame of M transmit symbols are a repeated set of symbols ofthe first frame of M transmit symbols.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11,wherein the symbols in the subsequent frame of M transmit symbols are aninverted version of the symbols of the first frame of M transmitsymbols.
 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the channel-inducedsuperposition represents the corresponding symbol of the subsequentframe of M transmit symbols being added to a delayed and attenuatedversion of the corresponding symbol of the first frame of M transmitsymbols.
 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the decoder isconfigured to generate the set of output data by decoding a symbol inthe received frame of M symbols based on at least one prior decodedsymbol.
 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the received frame of Msymbols corresponds to the symbols of the subsequent frame of M transmitsymbols, and wherein the decoder is configured to output the symbols ofthe subsequent frame of M transmit symbols as the output data.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 11, wherein the associated notch frequency isdetermined by an impedance anomaly associated with the multi-wire bus.19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each symbol in the received frameof M symbols corresponds to a symbol of a set of symbols of acorresponding codeword, the set of symbols of the codeword comprisingsymbols received on two or more wires of the multi-wire bus, and whereinthe decoder is configured to obtain (i) a symbol in the received frameof M symbols and (ii) a symbol in a second received frame of M symbolsreceived on a second wire of the multi-wire bus, and to responsivelygenerate the output data based on the obtained symbols.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 11, wherein each symbol in the received frame of Msymbols has one of two possible values, and wherein the decoder isconfigured to generate output bits based on the received frame of Msymbols.